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Guidance Note prepared for the World Bank Group:
“Climate-Resilient Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa’s Urban Areas”.
Lead Author: Prof. Cesar Marolla.
Contributors: Prof. Kenneth Strzepek and Diego Castillo on behalf of Industrial Economics Inc. (IEc).
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Jan 14, 2017
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An Investigation into the Understanding of Climate, Health, Megacities and Urban Poverty:
Strategic Frameworks for Disaster Resilience and Prognosis for Change.
Climate change impacts on human health are particularly inequitable. Climate has impacted our health for thousands of years and the increased acknowledgment of climate change and its consequences creates a growing interest in how climate affects health. As urbanization becomes the second largest mega-trend right after climate change (Zhu, et al., 2022), the range of health effects are influenced by several factors, such as population growth, migration, urban development, land use reduction, food systems, and fresh water resources. All these elements have connotations for the population’s health and exacerbate the impacts of climate change events (Haines, 2006). The importance of the consequences of climate change impacts on health is highlighted by the urgency and severity of this threat (Marolla, 2016). Most of the research has been devoted to improving the understanding of climate information and assessing disaster data, including exposure to specific phenomena, such as heat-waves or sea-level rise.
Although research on climate change and vulnerability has made significant progress over the last decades, the assessment of vulnerability and the intertwined between social, economic and historical conditions in addition to public health risks that foster vulnerability of societies had received lesser interest (Birkmann, et al., 2022).
Climate Change and Health Risks: New York City
Over the past three decades, the global mean temperature has increased due
to natural and anthropogenic factors. In the United States, the average temperature has risen by over 2°F since 1970. At the same time, precipitation has
increased an average of 5%, sea level has risen, and drastic weather events
(e.g., hurricanes) happen more frequently (Karl et al., 2009). As the effects of
climate change continue to impact urban areas, the projections for the city of
New York are an increase in average temperature of 1.5°F to 3°F by the 2020s;
3°F to 5.5°F by the 2050s; and 4°F to 9°F by 2080. These temperatures will vary
accordingly to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions level (DeGaetano and
Tryhorn, 2011) and will directly impact New Yorkers and their health.
Over the past three decades, the global mean temperature has increased due
to natural and anthropogenic factors. In the United States, the average temperature has risen by over 2°F since 1970. At the same time, precipitation has
increased an average of 5%, sea level has risen, and drastic weather events
(e.g., hurricanes) happen more frequently (Karl et al., 2009). As the effects of
climate change continue to impact urban areas, the projections for the city of
New York are an increase in average temperature of 1.5°F to 3°F by the 2020s;
3°F to 5.5°F by the 2050s; and 4°F to 9°F by 2080. These temperatures will vary
accordingly to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions level (DeGaetano and
Tryhorn, 2011) and will directly impact New Yorkers and their health.
Climate and Health: An assessment of climate change impacts on public health in developing countries/cities.
Indian cities under study:
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